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Work - Women's
Wages Relative to Men's
Women's wages in manufacturing as a percentage of men's wages
Table 5e. Women's wages relative to men's | ||||
Last update: December 2012 | ||||
Women's wages in manufacturing as a percentage of men's wages | ||||
Country or area | Year | % | Source | |
Andorra | 2008 | 71 | ARRS | |
Armenia | 2008 | 61 | LRES | |
Australia | 2006 | a,b | 90 | LRES |
Austria | 2003 | 62 | IR | |
Azerbaijan | 2008 | 60 | LRES | |
Bahrain | 2008 | c,d,e | 99 | IR |
Belgium | 2007 | a | 86 | LRES |
Bermuda | 2007 | 91 | LREC | |
Botswana | 2008 | 55 | LRES | |
Brazil | 2002 | 61 | AR | |
Bulgaria | 2007 | f | 70 | LREC |
China, Hong Kong SAR | 2008 | g,h,i | 60 | LRES |
China, Macao SAR | 2008 | j,k | 66 | LFS |
Colombia | 2007 | l,m | 60 | LFS |
Costa Rica | 2008 | a,n | 81 | LFS |
Croatia | 2008 | o,p | 76 | LRES |
Cyprus | 2006 | a,q | 65 | LRES |
Czech Republic | 2005 | h,r | 65 | LRES |
Denmark | 2007 | a,e,s | 87 | LRES |
Egypt | 2007 | t,d,h | 66 | LREC |
El Salvador | 2008 | a,h,u | 84 | LRES |
Finland | 2008 | v,w | 85 | LREC |
France | 2007 | a,x | 83 | ARRS |
French Polynesia | 2003 | 87 | IR | |
Georgia | 2007 | 60 | LREC | |
Germany | 2008 | a | 76 | LRES |
Gibraltar | 2007 | t,h,y | 61 | LREC |
Hungary | 2007 | z,v | 73 | LREC |
Iceland | 2008 | v | 72 | LRES |
Indonesia | 2008 | a1,b1,c1 | 68 | LFS |
Iran, Islamic Rep. of | 2002 | 90 | LRES | |
Ireland | 2006 | a,h,d,d1 | 80 | LRES |
Isle of Man | 2008 | a | 113 | LRES |
Japan | 2008 | d,e,e1 | 61 | LRES |
Jordan | 2008 | 63 | LRES | |
Kazakhstan | 2008 | 68 | LRES | |
Latvia | 2008 | 81 | LRES | |
Lithuania | 2008 | a,f1,g1 | 70 | LRES |
Luxembourg | 2008 | b1 | 70 | LREC |
Madagascar | 2005 | a | 85 | HS |
Malta | 2008 | a,j,c1 | 89 | LFS |
Mexico | 2008 | h1 | 72 | LFS |
Mongolia | 2008 | 71 | LRES | |
Myanmar | 2008 | g,i1,j1 | 88 | LRES |
Nepal | 1999 | n,c1,k1 | 45 | LFS |
Netherlands | 2005 | l1,v | 83 | LRES |
New Zealand | 2008 | a,m1,v | 81 | LRES |
Norway | 2008 | v,n1,l1 | 90 | LREC |
Occupied Palestinian Territory | 2008 | o1,c1,p1 | 50 | LFS |
Panama | 2008 | a,j,k,c1 | 97 | LFS |
Paraguay | 2008 | 108 | LFS | |
Philippines | 2008 | i | 92 | LFS |
Portugal | 2008 | 68 | LRES | |
Qatar | 2007 | a1 | 142 | LFS |
Republic of Korea | 2007 | z | 58 | LRES |
Romania | 2007 | 75 | LRES | |
Saint Helena | 2002 | 72 | TR | |
Saint Lucia | 2003 | a,b1,q1 | 81 | LRES |
Singapore | 2008 | 65 | IR | |
Sri Lanka | 2008 | a,g,h | 81 | LRES |
Swaziland | 2000 | e,g,h,r1 | 57 | LREC |
Sweden | 2008 | a,e,h,o,s1 | 91 | LRES |
Switzerland | 2008 | t1 | 79 | LRES |
Syrian Arab Republic | 2008 | g,b1 | 79 | LFS |
Thailand | 2003 | a1 | 75 | LFS |
Ukraine | 2008 | 71 | LREC | |
United Kingdom | 2008 | a,v | 83 | LFS |
United Republic of Tanzania | 2001 | g,a1 | 70 | LRES |
Footnotes | ||||||
a | Refers to earnings per hour. | |||||
b | Full-time adult non-managerial employees. | |||||
c | All persons engaged | |||||
d | Establishments with 10 or more persons employed. | |||||
e | Private sector. | |||||
f | Employees under labour contract. | |||||
g | ISIC-Rev.2 - 3 | |||||
h | Worker coverage: Wage earners. | |||||
i | Refers to wage rates per day. | |||||
j | Worker coverage: Total coverage. | |||||
k | Median wage. | |||||
l | Excl. armed forces. | |||||
m | Persons aged 10 years and over. | |||||
n | Main occupation. | |||||
o | ISIC-Rev.4 - C | |||||
p | Excl. employees in craft and trade. | |||||
q | Including family allowances and the value of payments in kind. | |||||
r | Enterprises with 20 or more employees. | |||||
s | Excl. young people aged less than 18 years and trainees. | |||||
t | Refers to earnings per week. | |||||
u | Urban areas. | |||||
v | Full-time employees. | |||||
w | Excl. seasonal and end-of-year bonuses. | |||||
x | Incl. managerial staff and intermediary occupations. | |||||
y | Excl. part-time workers and juveniles. | |||||
z | Enterprises with 5 or more persons employed. | |||||
a1 | Refers to wage rates per month. | |||||
b1 | Worker coverage: Salaried employees. | |||||
c1 | Persons aged 15 years and over. | |||||
d1 | Wage-earners on adult rates of pay. | |||||
e1 | Regular scheduled cash earnings. | |||||
f1 | Excl. individual unincorporated enterprises. All employees converted into full-time units. | |||||
g1 | All employees converted into full-time units. | |||||
h1 | Persons aged 14 years and over. | |||||
i1 | Refers to wage rates per hour. | |||||
j1 | Regular employees. | |||||
k1 | Fluctuations in wages due to small sample size. | |||||
l1 | Excl. overtime payments. | |||||
m1 | Establishments with the equivalent of more than 0.5 full-time paid employees. Full-time equivalent employees. | |||||
n1 | Only remuneration in cash. | |||||
o1 | Refers to earnings per day. | |||||
p1 | Net earnings. | |||||
q1 | Unweighted survey results. | |||||
r1 | Skilled wage earners. | |||||
s1 | Excluding holidays, sick-leave and overtime payments. | |||||
t1 | Standardised monthly earnings (40 hours x 4,3 weeks). | |||||
Sources: |
Calculated by the United Nations Statistics Division based on data published by the International Labour Office in Tables 5A Wages, by economic activity and 5B Wages in manufacturing, available from ILO LABORSTA website, http://laborsta.ilo.org. |
ARRS Administrative records and related sources. |
LRES Labour-related establishment survey. |
IR Insurance records. |
LREC Labour-related establishment census. |
AR Administrative reports. |
LFS Labour force survey. |
HS Household survey. |
TR Tax Records. |
Technical notes: |
The indicator presented in this table is the ratio of female wages to male wages in manufacturing, expressed as a percentage. In general, the wage statistics from which the indicator has been calculated refer to average earnings per month per employee (i.e. wage earners and salaried employees). Where this is not the case, it is indicated by a footnote. |
This indicator is useful for tracking the extent of gender parity in wages within manufacturing. International comparisons of the wage ratios presented here, however, must be made with great caution. The coverage, definitions and methods of compiling wage statistics differ significantly from country to country. Weekly, daily and monthly earnings are much dependent on variations in hours of work. In addition, statistics of wage rates do not reflect the influence of changes in wage supplements nor the influence of variations in hours of work. Where female workers generally work a much smaller number of hours than male workers, these factors must be kept in mind when interpreting the wage ratio. |
The data on average earnings are usually derived from payroll data supplied by a census or a sample of establishments, which often also furnish data on hours of work and on employment. In some cases, average earnings are compiled from labour force surveys or from a variety of administrative sources including social insurance and tax records. |
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